![]() ![]() What do you think about this program? If Skinner were alive today, he would probably think this was a great idea. The result was a significant increase in reading comprehension (Fryer, 2010). Specifically, second-grade students in Dallas were paid $2 each time they read a book and passed a short quiz about the book. It has been found that one of the most effective ways to increase achievement in school districts with below-average reading scores was to pay the children to read. Positive reinforcement as a learning tool is extremely effective. Being praised for doing a good job and for passing a driver’s test is also a reward. Our paychecks are rewards, as are high grades and acceptance into our preferred school. Some people might say, “Why should I reward my child for doing what is expected?” But in fact we are constantly and consistently rewarded in our lives. Jerome quickly cleans his room because he wants a new art set. In positive reinforcement, a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior.įor example, you tell your five-year-old son, Jerome, that if he cleans his room, he will get a toy. The most effective way to teach a person or animal a new behavior is with positive reinforcement. Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Punishment Now let’s combine these four terms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment (Table 1). All punishers (positive or negative) decrease the likelihood of a behavioral response. ![]() All reinforcers (positive or negative) increase the likelihood of a behavioral response. Reinforcement can be positive or negative, and punishment can also be positive or negative. Reinforcement means you are increasing a behavior, and punishment means you are decreasing a behavior. Instead, positive means you are adding something, and negative means you are taking something away. In operant conditioning, positive and negative do not mean good and bad. ![]() In discussing operant conditioning, we use several everyday words-positive, negative, reinforcement, and punishment-in a specialized manner.
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